How Do Trillion-Dollar Companies Market Themselves?

Amazon, Google, Apple, and Microsoft spend billions on advertising each year

Image by Marvin Meyer on Unsplash

It’s not always easy staying on top. Or, for that matter, reaching the top.

Just ask eBay, the online-only marketplace that saw a significant rise in growth during the dot-com bubble. In 2004, eBay was worth $33 billion—…